Look at this image. this is an example of textiles produced by the ancient
peoples of_
o
a. the andes
o
b. china
o
c. the great plains
o
d. islamic india

i'm not sure i completely understand your question, but i will do my best.

i think the answer you are looking for is sequence. (see below)

a repeated melodic fragment would be best defined as repetition, while repeated chords (different or the same) could be a chord progression. however, you then mentioned the chord and melodic fragment beginning on higher or lower pitches, in that case, the answer could be best defined as a sequence. the definition of a sequence is as follows: "the restatement of a motif or longer melodic (or harmonic) passage at a higher or lower pitch in the same voice."

let me know if this !

relief sculpture - images are set against a flat background.

a coin is a good example: the inscription, the date, and the figure are slightly raised above a flat surface. the ancient egyptians sometimes carved figures into a flat surface.  

pro: they take significantly less time to make and do not require as much tools or skills as free-standing

cons: not nearly as realistic, as it is not fully 3-d, and does not have the details that a free-standing one does.

freestanding sculptures (also called  carved in the round) are not attached to any  background.   they are 3-dimensional  and fully rendered.