Light and shadow can an object, giving it a three-dimensional appearance.
Shades of light and dark are referred to as .
The use of closely spaced parallel lines to indicate three-dimensionality is called .
The technique of uses dots to suggest value through optical mixing.
A painting technique, perfected by Italian Renaissance painters, that employs light and shadow is known as .

Explanation:

1. Light and shadow can model an object, giving it a three-dimensional appearance

Light and shadows are a technique that makes objects more three-dimensional, in real life as well as on the painting. When making art, it is important to incorporate the right shadows and show the source of light in order for the piece not to look "flat".

By modeling lights and shadows on the objects in real life, we can see how the three-dimensionality of the figures change, how the contrasts and illumination make them feel more "real", and we can portray that on the painting more easily.

2. Shades of light and dark are referred to as value.

If we want to explain how light or dark the color is, we will talk about its value. The value of the color varies from white to black. In this. white is the highest value and black is the lowest; so the more light we have and the lighter shades that we use, the more value we use.

With changing the value of the color of the object we can produce an illusion of more light or shadow, giving it the previously mentioned three-dimensionality.

3. The use of closely spaced parallel lines to indicate three-dimensionality is called hatching.

Hatching is the technique of making a shadow by drawing a parallel, closely spaced lines. The intensity or tightness of the lines can increase or decrease the shadow, making the drawing look darker or lighter. The thickness of the lines can also use to effect this - if the line is thicker and stronger, the shadow shall appear darker.

Beside from drawing, hatching is typically used in printmaking (woodcut, engraving, etching, etc.) The technique where lines are placed in the angle of one another is called cross-hatching. Famous artist Albrecht Dürer is one of the prime examples of great usage of these techniques.

4. The technique of stippling uses dots to suggest value through optical mixing.

The technique of using dots to create the pattern, and mix the values of light and dark is called stippling. It uses the same tone and color in the one piece of art, which is why it differs from pointillism that uses various dots of different colors to create the art pieces.

Stippling is very good when it comes to creating highly detailed drawings, even technical drawings because the precision that dots allow can help produce highly detailed art. With the stippling technique, the artist doesn't only use the value and intensity of the dots, but also the negative and empty space of the art that produces its own contribution to the piece as the whole.

5. A painting technique, perfected by Italian Renaissance painters, that employs light and shadow is known as Chiaroscuro.

Chiaroscuro is the painting technique that uses a very strong contrast of light and shadow in the painting, usually to reach the high intensity, three-dimensional appearance, and the dramatic effect.

The technique originated in Renaissance, and the most famous example of this time is the work of Leonardo da Vinci (Lady with an Ermin and Portrait of a Lady from the Court of Milan as the prime example). The technique was later used by the likes of Caravaggio and finally, as one of the most famous examples, by Rembrandt.

With the development of photography and cinema, chiaroscuro was transferred to these mediums of art. One of the techniques to achieve chiaroscuro in photography is even called "Rembrandt lighting".

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