Adopting the attitude of “we are the learners” is one way to . a. adjust to ambiguity b. focus on stereotypes c. control our biases d. assume differences

The answer is c. control our bias.  When we are bias towards an idea or belief we call ourselves from trying to learn it.  We are so set in our ways that we refuse to give it a chance.  When you control your bias, you are giving something a chance and learn from it.  It is an opportunity to grow and improve as an individual.

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i'm not sure i completely understand your question, but i will do my best.

i think the answer you are looking for is sequence. (see below)

a repeated melodic fragment would be best defined as repetition, while repeated chords (different or the same) could be a chord progression. however, you then mentioned the chord and melodic fragment beginning on higher or lower pitches, in that case, the answer could be best defined as a sequence. the definition of a sequence is as follows: "the restatement of a motif or longer melodic (or harmonic) passage at a higher or lower pitch in the same voice."

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