What are the different levels of community participation?​

Sarah White distinguishes four forms of participation: nominal, instrumental, representative and transformative. She reasons that each form has different functions, and argues actors 'at the top' (more powerful) and 'at the grass roots' (less powerful) have different perceptions of and interests in each form.

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Degrees of community participation

Co-option: Local representatives are chosen, but have no real input or power.

Compliance: Tasks are assigned with incentives, but outsiders decide the agenda and direct the process.

Consultation: Local opinions are asked for, and outsiders analyse and decide on a course of action.

Explanation:

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