Define formalism. what is it not influenced by? (two things)

In the history of art, formalism refers to the study of art by analyzing the purely visual aspects of an object and how they're made. It compares both form and style and emphasizes elements of composition such as line, texture, shape, color, and other aspects of perception. Formalism is not influenced by the historical/social context or the iconography of the subject.

The answer is c.takes place before

Ithink the answer might be d. but i'm not 100%sure