true-breeding pea plants with smooth peas are crossed with true-breeding pea plants with wrinkled peas. all individuals of the first-generation have smooth peas. using s and s, what is the genotype of each parent? if the first-generation offspring are crossed with each other, what will the second-generation phenotype be?

Mendel crossed the dominant smooth seeded pea plant (SS) with the recessive wrinkled seeded pea plant (ss). The F 1 generation produced the heterozygous smooth seeded plants with a genotype Ss. When two heterozygous pea plants (Ss) are crossed in the F2 generation represented by Ss x Ss, the gametes formed are S and s. In the second generation, out of the total offspring produced, 3 have the smooth seeded phenotype and 1 has wrinkled seed phenotype. Thus the phenotypic ratio is 3: 1 with one out of four plants being a wrinkled seeded pea plant.

before, trains worked using the steam engine. thus, it uses heat so it is crucial to apply heat balance. the steam engine absorbs energy during the stage of boiling water. so, this is the endothermic reaction. when the steam is used to work the piston, it has to release this energy through running the train. the excess energy is released as an exhaust to the chimney. this is the exothermic process because it releases energy to the surroundings.