What’s the independent and dependent variable in this sentence? “if students eat breakfast then they will have better scores on a test”

An independent variable is the thing that you are changing to see what will be affected. In this case the independent variable is if a student has breakfast.

A dependent variable is the one that is being impacted by the thing you manipulated. The dependent variable is if the students have better scores.

The way I remember the difference is that the dependent depends on the independent.

stratosphere: as the altitude increases, the air temperature increases. the stratosphere has a layer of ozone, called the ozone layer. this layer absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. this results in the stratosphere being warmer.

the supermassive black hole is in the middle of the galaxy.