Adenosine triphosphate is considered a high-energy compound. but how is that energy transferred to the cellular machinery? adenosine triphosphate is considered a high-energy compound. but how is that energy transferred to the cellular machinery? atp is generated from anabolic reactions. therefore, it builds up electrons to transfer. atpase is used to combine phosphate molecules. this in turn provides energy for metabolism. the covalent bond between phosphates is broken down, releasing energy. decay of atp allows the release of pent-up energy.

The transfer steps of ATP into the cellular machinery are given below:

1. Glycolysis: (formation of Pyruvic acid)

2 ATPs + Glucose → 2 Pyruvic Acid + 4 Hydrogen + 4 ATPs

2. Formation of Acetyl CoA: (using the product of glycolysis)

2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 CoA → 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 Carbon Dioxide + 2 Hydrogen

3. Krebs Cycle:

2 Acetyl CoA + 3 O2 → 6 Hydrogen + 4 Carbon Dioxide + 2 ATPs

4. Electron Transport System:

12 Hydrogen + 3 O2 → 6 Water + 32 ATPs

Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 36 ATPs

The net numbers of ATP formed as the cellular machinery are 36 that are formed during the process of aerobic respiration or cellular respiration.

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.