The formula v2 = g is very useful for astronomers because it does not require them to know t. what does t stand for? orbital period tangential speed satellite radius

The right option is; orbital period

T stands for orbital period.  

Orbital period is the time a certain astronomical object such as planets takes to complete one orbit (360° revolution) around another object such as sun or stars. Orbital period is expressed in different units of time, usually in years, days or hours.

blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart. as the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs where it is oxygenated.

not necessarily. higher fitness requires the organism to be reproductive successful. for example, an organism at age 10 with 15 offspring is much more fit than an organism at age 15 with only 5 offspring.