Cartilaginous fish conduct
a. internal fertilization
b. external fertilization
c. conjugation

Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and brittle stars are all memeber of a group, what is the common name of the group they are all in

The idea that all living things are made up of cells is considered scientific law. this means the idea is an emerging scientific idea that has a logical explanation. has been tested with similar results at least twice. is supported by scientific consensus and a large amount of evidence. has been rejected only once by the scientific community

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).