Which statement best describes how a catalyst can speed up a chemical reaction ? a. the catalyst makes lower energy pathways available. b. the catalyst increases the concentration of products. c. the catalyst binds to enzymes to release substrates. d. the catalyst increases the concentration of reactants.

A. the catalyst makes lower energy pathways available.

A

Explanation:

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many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.