100pts create 3 questions about the cause-and-effect relationship between the genetic code and gene expression, mechanisms of gene regulation, and/or the role of dna segments that do not code for proteins.

Key points:

Bacterial genes are often found in operons. Genes in an operon are transcribed as a group and have a single promoter.

Each operon contains regulatory DNA sequences, which act as binding sites for regulatory proteins that promote or inhibit transcription.

Regulatory proteins often bind to small molecules, which can make the protein active or inactive by changing its ability to bind DNA.

Some operons are inducible, meaning that they can be turned on by the presence of a particular small molecule. Others are repressible, meaning that they are on by default but can be turned off by a small molecule.

Introduction

We tend to think of bacteria as simple. But even the simplest bacterium has a complex task when it comes to gene regulation! The bacteria in your gut or between your teeth have genomes that contain thousands of different genes. Most of these genes encode proteins, each with its own role in a process such as fuel metabolism, maintenance of cell structure, and defense against viruses.

Some of these proteins are needed routinely, while others are needed only under certain circumstances. Thus, cells don't express all the genes in their genome all the time. You can think of the genome as being like a cookbook with many different recipes in it. The cell will only use the recipes (express the genes) that fit its current needs.

How is gene expression regulated?

There are various forms of gene regulation, that is, mechanisms for controlling which genes get expressed and at what levels. However, a lot of gene regulation occurs at the level of transcription.

Bacteria have specific regulatory molecules that control whether a particular gene will be transcribed into mRNA. Often, these molecules act by binding to DNA near the gene and helping or blocking the transcription enzyme, RNA polymerase. Let's take a closer look at how genes are regulated in bacteria.

In bacteria, genes are often found in operons

In bacteria, related genes are often found in a cluster on the chromosome, where they are transcribed from one promoter (RNA polymerase binding site) as a single unit. Such a cluster of genes under control of a single promoter is known as an operon. Operons are common in bacteria, but they are rare in eukaryotes such as humans.

1) How is DNA compacted to form a chromosome?

2) How do cells undergo differentiation to form the numerous types of cells in the body?

3) What are some functions for non-coding DNA [e.g. Centromere, telomere, promoter, terminator, silencer, enhancer, introns (alternative splicing)]

Explanation:

1) Involves packing of DNA that involves DNA associating with H1, H2a, H2b, H3, H4 histone, scaffolding proteins, and link genes)

2) Since all somatic cells are genetically identical, differentiation involves silencing certain genes through different chemical signals that the stem cell's environment is in, resulting in certain genes related to its function being expressed while other genes are silenced.

3) Non-coding sequences although the bulk of DNA has numerous important roles. ( Centromere allow for association of kinetochore proteins to form kinetochore that acts as a site of attachment for microfibrils during mitosis or meiosis) (telomere acts as sacrificial DNA that prevents erosion of Coding DNA during every round of semi-conservative DNA replication)...

Explanation:

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