Which structure has the least effect on the ability of a virus to infect and replicate in a host cell?

The answer is an envelope.

A virus is an infectious agent that can replicate only inside a host cell. When it is outside the cell, it consists of genetic material coated with protein capsid. Some viruses also have an envelope which covers capsid. The function of the envelope is to identify and bind some receptor sites on the host membranes. After fusing with the cell membrane, it allows to capsid and genetic material to enter the cell and infect it.

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