Renowned chemist linus pauling proposed a triple-helix structure for the dna molecule shortly before james watson and francis crick developed their double-helix model. in pauling's model, three polynucleotide strands lined up with their sugar-phosphate backbones oriented together in the middle of the helix. when watson and crick saw pauling's model, they knew that it could not be correct. they realized that pauling had not made use of a key piece of evidence about dna that had been discovered by earlier investigations. what key piece of evidence did watson and crick apply to their model that pauling did not apply to his? a. hershey and chase's identification of dna as the carrier of heritable information b. chargaff's finding that at and gc ratios are constant across phyla c. griffith's finding that a nonliving substance could transform living cells d. levene's identification of the chemical structure of nucleotides

Mantle convection  is the slow  creepingmotion of earth's solid silicate  mantle  caused by  convection  currents carrying  heat from the interior  to the planet's surface.[1][2]  the earth's surface  lithosphere, which rides atop the  asthenosphere  (the two components of the  upper mantle), is divided into a number of  plates  that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite  plate boundaries. accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate, associated with  seafloor spreading. this hot added material cools down by  conduction  and  convection  of heat. at the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of  subduction  usually at an  ocean trench.[3]this subducted material sinks through the earth's interior. some subducted material appears to reach the lower mantle,[4]  while in other regions, this material is impeded from sinking further, possibly due to a phase transition from  spinel  to  silicate perovskiteand  magnesiowustite, an  endothermic reaction.[5]the subducted oceanic crust triggers  volcanism, although the basic mechanisms are varied. volcanism may occur due to processes that add buoyancy to partially melted mantle causing an upward flow due to a decrease in density of the partial melt.secondary forms of convection that may result in surface volcanism are postulated to occur as a consequence of intraplate extension[6]  and  mantle plumes.[7]it is because the mantle can convect that the  tectonic plates  are able to move around the earth's surface.[8]mantle convection seems to have been much more active during the  hadean  period, resulting in gravitational sorting of heavier molten  iron, and  nickel  elements and  sulphides  in the core, and lighter  silicate minerals  in the  mantle.