8. which malfunction within gamete formation results in nondisjunction?
a. homologues fail to align on the metaphase plate
b. the miotic spindle fails to form during meiosis
c. sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis
d. dna does not replicate in s phase

11. zidovudine was the first antiretroviral drug approved by the fda for the treatment of hiv. it is effective in stopping the reproduction of the viral genetic material. which statement best describes how the antiretroviral drug may work?
a. it breaks down the composition of hiv
b. it attacks the hiv virus in the body
c. it inhabits reverse transcriptase
d. it makes the body resist the hiv virus

18. each year hillary cuts several stalks off her grandmother’s aloe vera plant to give to students in her class when discussing the benefits of aloe vera. hillary hopes that students will grow an aloe vera plant of their own from each stalk. what form of asexual reproduction would this be an example of?
a. budding
b. fragmentation
c. parthenogenesis
d. gametogenesis

19. mendel discovered that certain traits show up in offspring without any blending of parent characteristics. which is one of these traits?
a. bud shape
b. plant size
c. flower color
d. seed thickness

1.The correct answer is: c. Sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis.

There are three ways for nondisjunction to occur:

•a pair of homologous chromosomes fail to separate in meiosis I

•sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II

•failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis.

If a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly during anaphase II the possible outcome is one daughter cell with an extra chromosome (one daughter cell with missing chromosome). Consequently, anomalies occurs.

2.The correct answer is: c. It inhabits reverse transcriptase

Zidovudine is a antiretroviral medication (thymidine analogue) with the function to inhibit the activity of the enzyme-reverse transcriptase. Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used by HIV virus to produce double-stranded DNA (from its RNA) which will be inserted in the host’s DNA. By inhibiting it, zidovudine decreases replication of the HIV virus.

3.The correct answer is: b. fragmentation

Fragmentation  is a form of reproduction, asexual, in which an organism is split into fragments and each of these develop into new organism. In the case of plant this type of reproduction is often and it is called vegetative reproduction. So, aloe vera can grow from cuttings or offsets. As a result, new plants (offspring) will be genetically identical to parent plant (there is no genetic variation as in sexual reproduction).

4.The correct answer is: c. flower color

When Mendel crossed pure-bred green-seeded and pure-bred yellow-seeded he expected offspring with blended traits (intermediate green-yellow color). Surprisingly, he found that this cross produced offspring with only one color. This occurs because of the different alleles (variants) of the same gene that determinate the color of the flower. If allele for the yellow is dominant, the yellow flowers will be produced.

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