The distribution of na+ ions across a typical biological membrane is 10 mmol/dm3 inside the cell and 140 mmol/dm3 outside the cell. at equilibrium, the concentrations are equal. what is the gibbs energy difference across the membrane at 37 deg c? assume activities are equal to concentrations. answer in kj/mol. note the difference should be calculated assuming the initial and final states are inside and outside of the cell, respectively.

The Gibbs free energy of the system refers to a state function as it is illustrated in terms of thermodynamic characteristics, which are state functions. ΔG = -RT ln(K)

K is just the concentration of keeping it at one end.

K = 10 mmol / 140 mmol

R is a constant = 8.31447 J/molK

T = 273 + 37 = 310 K

ΔG = -310 × 8.31447 × ln (10/140)

= 6802 J.

phylogenetic tree is the tree of life or evolution tree. it shows the different branches of evolution. the sequence goes like tissues - coelom - backbone - endoskeleton - segmentation

it's the cell cycle, but cytokines is when the cell divides.

theres 3 stages interphase,mitosis,and cytokines.

interphase prepares the cell for division.

mitosis is the process of dividing the cell,it has 4 parts interphase,anaphase,metaphase,and telophase.

lastly there's cytokines,that's when the cell divides into 2 daughter cells