Which of the following is an adaptation that to defend an organism against consumers? a. a rose has thorns. b. a bird has a strong beak to break nuts. c. a plant bends toward sunlight. d. all of these

b.

the solute can move "downhill," from regions of higher to lower concentration, relying on the specificity of the protein carrier to pass through the membrane. this process is called passive transport or facilitated diffusion, and does not require energy.