Hemophilia is an x-linked recessive disorder (xh) that is passed through generations and can be traced by using a pedigree. what is the probability that a female child of charles and marie would suffer from hemophilia?
a. 0 percent
b. 25 percent
c. 50 percent
d. 100 percent

Since hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder, the probability depends on the X alleles.
So, if father has dominant allele (H), the probability that a female child would suffer from hemophilia (genotype: hh) is 0%, no matter of mother's genotype:
 
                    Father              Mother
Parents:       H             x          Hh
Daughter:     HH or Hh

      Father              Mother
Parents:       H             x          HH
Daughter:     HH

      Father              Mother
Parents:       H             x          hh
Daughter:     Hh or Hh

But, if the father has recessive allele, the probability that a female child would suffer from hemophilia (genotype: hh) will depend on mother's genotype.
If mother is dominant homozygous, there will be 0% of possibility:
                       Father              Mother
Parents:             h          x          HH
Daughter:     Hh

If mother is recessive homozygous, the possibility is 100%:
                    Father              Mother
Parents:           h         x         hh
Daughter:     hh

If mother is heterozygous, the possibility is 50%:
                   Father              Mother
Parents:          h         x         Hh
Daughter:     Hh or hh

Proteins are the workhorses of the cell, controlling virtually every reaction within as well as providing structure and serving as signals to other cells. proteins are long chains of  amino acids  , and the exact sequence of the amino acids determines the final structure and function of the protein. instructions for that sequence are encoded in  genes  . to make a particular protein, a messenger ribonucleic acid (mrna) copy is made from the gene (in the process called  transcription  ), and the mrna is transported to the  ribosome  . protein synthesis, also called  translation  , begins when the two ribosomal subunits link onto the mrna. this step, called initiation, is followed by elongation, in which successive amino acids are added to the growing chain, brought in by transfer rnas (trnas). in this step, the ribosome reads the  nucleotides  of mrna three by three, in units called  codons  , and matches each to three nucleotides on the trna, called the anticodon. finally, during termination, the ribosome unbinds from the mrna, and the  amino acid  chain goes on to be processed and folded to make the final, functional protein