In general, asexual reproduction is used by organisms.
a.
underwater
b.
complex
c.
simple
d.
extinct

C.  simple

Explanation:

Simple organisms like prokaryotes which include bacteria prefer asexual mode of reproduction. There are various ways through which simple organisms can reproduce asexually like binary fission, budding fragmentation etc. The reason why simpler organisms prefer asexual mode of reproduction is because energetically it is less demanding mode of reproduction. As compared to sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction utilizes less ATPs. Apart from this, a large number of progeny can be reproduced in very short interval of time through asexual reproduction.

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.