Considering the new definition of life, all but one piece evidence supports the fact that a virus must be referred to as an organism. that is:

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.

several tissues working together form an organ, and several organs together make up an organisms.

the group of cell that carries out special jobs are tissue.