Which of the following scenarios represents change to an ecosystem brought about by biotic factors?
a.
a wildfire caused by lightning striking a tree
b.
a flood caused by a severe storm
c.
a landslide caused by cattle overgrazing
d.
a volcano

primary succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier. secondary succession occurs

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