Establishment of communities in newly formed environments, such as volcanic lava flows or sand bars, is called development of new communities in disturbed environments, such as a burned or clear cut forest, is called a. tertiary succession, primary succession b. secondary succession, primary succession c. secondary succession, tertiary succession d. primary succession, secondary succession

The right option is; D

Establishment of communities in newly formed environments, such as volcanic lava flows or sand bars, is called primary succession. Development of new communities in disturbed environments, such as a burned or clear cut forest, is called secondary succession.

Primary succession is a type of ecological succession (changes) which occurs when communities of organisms establish new habitat in areas that are not capable of sustaining life due to various events such as volcanic lava flows, sand bars, oil spills, flooding, and landslides.

Secondary succession occurs when a smaller scale disturbance such as forest fire affect a stable existing ecosystem. Such disturbances support the reappearance of life because it does not remove all organisms and nutrients from the existing ecosystem.  

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