Atp and gtp are primary sources of energy for biochemical reactions. (a) describe the structure of the atp or the gtp molecule. (b) explain how chemiosmosis produces atp. (c) describe two specific cell processes that require atp and explain how atp is used in each process. (d) an energy pyramid for a marine ecosystem with four levels. bottom to top 1-4. label each trophic level of the pyramid and provide an example of a marine organism found at each level of this pyramid. explain why the energy available at the top layer of the p

a

structure of ATP

The ATP molecule is composed of three components.

The center holds a sugar molecule known as ribose which is the same sugar that forms the basis of RNA.

One side of the sugar has an attachment of a string of phosphate groups which are key to the activity of ATP.

The other side has a base attached to it. This is a group consisting of linked rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms.

The base is adenine.

b

During chemiosmosis, a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions is generated between the matrix of the mitochondria and the inter-membrane space.

This gradient is generated because hydrogen ions move from the matrix to the inter membrane space using the energy released by the electrons as they travel through the electron transport chain.

Hydrogen ions diffuse from the inter-membrane space of the mitochondrion to the matrix, through the ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

This diffusion happens due to the above mentioned concentration gradient of hydrogen ions formed between the matrix of the mitochondria and the inter-membrane space.

Kinetic energy released during the movement of hydrogen ions by diffusion is used to phosphorylate ADP, to produce ATP.

c

Active Transport

There are four different types of proteins found in cell membranes that can transport molecules across the membrane known as P-class pumps.

In order for active transport to occur, you need ATP.

Such specific pumps include:

Molecular ions will bind to the main site on the protein, and then an ATP will bind to a secondary site in order for movement into and out of the cell. If there is no ATP, then the molecular ions can not go where they are needed.

Anabolic Reactions

Anabolic reactions refer to reactions in which molecules, such as fats, lipids carbohydrates and proteins, are made.

In order to build new molecules, energy is needed to form molecular bonds.

When one of the phosphates on the triphosphate of the molecule gets cleaved off, energy that was needed to form the phosphate bond is released

Therefore, ATP turns into ADP or adenosine diphosphate.

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