Amolecule that can be used as a molecular clock has a neutral mutation rate of one mutation per 5 million years. how many years ago did two species share a common ancestor if the molecules found in these two species differ by a total of eight mutations?

the second type of galaxy is called a barred spiral, which has a thing called a bar straddling the nucleus

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.

sex cells are usually half's then they find another half and make a fertilize egg