Birds, reptiles, and insects dispose of excess nitrogen atoms by excreting uric acid, rather than urea, sparing these animals the need for large quantities of water to dissolve the urea. humans and other primates also make and excrete uric acid as the catabolic degradation product of purines. uric acid has a very low water solubility. high concentrations in the blood can form insoluble crystals of sodium urate, forming painful stones in the kidneys and ureters. high concentrations in the blood can also lead to painful arthritic joint inflammation, a condition known as gout. the final step in the synthesis of uric acid is the oxidation of xanthine, catalyzed by the enzyme xanthine oxidase. this enzyme is a target for some drugs used to treat gout and a more serious condition of uric acid overproduction called lesch-nyhan syndrome. draw the structures of xanthine and uric acid, the substrate and product of xanthine oxidase.

Xanthine oxidase enzyme converts xanthine (substrate) to uric acid (product). Xanthine is known by its chemical or IUPAC name 3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione and chemical formula C₅H₄N₄O₂. It is a purine base present in a maximum number of human tissues and fluids and in other living organisms. It is converted from hypoxanthine by the action of the xanthine oxidoreductase enzyme. (see structure in the figure)

Uric acid is the compound created by the action of xanthine oxidoreductase. It is a heterocyclic compound of C, N, and O and H. The chemical formula of uric acid C₅H₄N₄O₃. It produced by the metabolic breaking of purine.

 C₅H₄N₄O₂ (xanthine) + O₂ + H₂O → C₅H₄N₄O₃ (uric acid) + H₂O

d. in sexual reproduction, offspring have more chromosomes than

either parent.

asexual reproduction results in offspring which are genetically the same as the parent organism (not counting a rare mutation). sexual reproduction produces a random mixture of the genetics derived from both parents

explanation:

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