Fish, frogs and most aquatic annimals release their eggs and sperm into the water for fertilization. however, may organisms, specially terrestrial animals, have evolved internal fertilizatioon. all of the following are advantages of internal fertilization, except:
a. fertilization can occur outside of water but inside the organism
b. once inside, the embryo may continue to develop internally
c. it requires the evolution of fewer specialized structures for reproduction
d. it makes it more likely that the eggs and sperm will find each other

c. It requires the evolution of fewer specialized structures for reproduction

Explanation:

Internal fertilization refers to the process of fusion of eggs and sperms inside the female body. The fusion of gametes mostly occurs inside the female reproductive tract during internal fertilization. This poses a need for the evolution of compatible reproductive structures in both genders of the internally fertilizing species to ensure that the sperms are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract.

the transfer of energy between two molecules spaced just nanometers apart plays a key role in many technologies, including photovoltaics, quantum information systems, lighting, and sensors, as well as in biophysics to measure nanometer distances and in photosynthesis. but an open question in this area is what effect, if any, the surrounding photonic environment has on this nanoscale energy transfer. by designing and performing a carefully controlled experiment to answer this question, scientists have settled the debate and found clues to improving the efficiency of many of the technologies that rely on this process.

explanation: