Late successional plants are largely unaffected by plants at earlier stages of succession because they are not in direct competition for resources, a factor called

Tolerance.

Explanation:

Ecological succession may be defined as the change of an species, its structure and change in the ecological community with time. Two main types of succession are primary succession and secondary succession.

The earlier plant stage does not affect the late successional plant stages. These two plant stages does not have direct competition, they are showing the tolerance model. The different species tolerate the different successional stages of each other.

the framers of the constitution insisted that federal judges be nominated instead of elected due to their desire to have judges above the shifting whims of the masses.

the hope, whether achieved or not, was that federal judges would only be beholden to the law and that by not having judges be elected, they would be protected if that law dictated an outcome that ran counter to popular opinion.

the circled areas are referred to   as sunspots.   the sunspots are cooler than the   surrounding area.

sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. they correspond to concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection and result in reduced surface temperature compared to the surrounding photosphere.