Meiosis reduces chromosome number and rearranges genetic information.
a. explain how the reduction and rearrangement are accomplished in meiosis
b. several human disorders occur as a result of defects in the meiotic process. identify one such chromosomal abnormality; what effects does it have on the phenotype of people with the disorder? describe how this abnormality could result from a defect in meiosis.
c. production of offspring by parthenogenesis or cloning bypasses the typical meiotic process. describe either parthenogenesis or cloning and compare the genomes of the offspring with those of the parents.

Rearrangement occurs during meiosis when the chromosomes line up in homologous pairs during metaphase I and II. Independent assortment occurs when tetrads randomly align at metaphase plate. Then the chromosomes separate during anaphase I and II; each gamete receives one of each type of chromosome. During prophase I, Crossing over occurs with tetrads at chiasmata resulting in genetic variation.

a- Rearrangement occurs during meiosis as the chromosomes line up in pairs during meta phase 1 & 2. Then afterwards in anaphase 1 & 2 these chromosomes are separated and each gamete receives one of each type of chromosome.

b- Examples of chromosomal abnormality include Down syndrome which is identified by a third copy of chromosome 21 and Turner syndrome which is characterized by the presence of only one X chromosome in women instead of two. Down syndrome cause phenotypic variability including cognitive impairment,muscle hypotonia at birth.

c- Parthenogenesis is a reproductive strategy that involves development of a female (rarely a male) gamete without fertilization. It can occur in plant and animals without invertebrate and rarely among higher vertebrates.

1) gene flow

- it is described as the transfer of genes from one population to another population so that frequency of gene is increased.

-a zebra migrates to join a different herd of zebras.

2) natural selection

- a mechanism of evolutionary change in which individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce whereas the others ( those that can not adapt) eliminate from the population.

-competition for sunlight leads to taller trees.

3) mutation

- permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of dna ( genetic material) that could have harmful or useful consequences.

-the dna of a snake changes to make its venom stronger.

4) genetic drift - it is a random phenomenon ( that occurs by chance such as fire) that results in change in the gene frequency in a small population.    

-a grassfire randomly sweeps through a population of buffalo and kills most of the animals.

explanation:

thinking it would be physical characteristics