The flow of hydrogen ions down the electrochemical gradient through a channel in the thylakoid membrane provides the energy for atp production.
a. true
b. false

True

Explanation:

The thylakoid membrane of chloroplast has electron carriers embedded in it. During light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, the electrons move from water molecules to the PSII and then through electron carriers to the PSI and finally to NADP+.

Movement of electrons through the intermediate carrier is accompanied by the pumping of protons from stroma to the thylakoid lumen. This creates an electrochemical gradient along the thylakoid membrane.

The protons are moved back from the thylakoid lumen into the stroma down the concentration gradient through proton channels known as "CFo".

As the protons move down their concentration gradient, the energy is used to phosphorylate the ADP into ATP.

the index of refraction of the second medium is higher. i just took the test trust me !

the dna molecules have a negative charge because of the phosphate groups in their sugar-phosphate backbone, so they start moving through the matrix of the gel towards the positive pole. power is turned on and dna fragments migrate through gel (towards the positive electrode).

explanation: