Which of the following is not necessary during rho-independent termination of transcription?
a. rna polymerase
b. rho protein
c. hairpin structure
d. repeating as in the dna sequence
e. all of the above are necessary

Rho protein.

Explanation:

Transcription may be defined as the process of formation of RNA molecule from the DNA template. Three important process of transcription are initiation, elongation and termination.

The termination may occur through rho dependent and rho independent mechanism. In rho independent termination, the rho proteins are not required and not necessary for the termination. The uracil stretch is important for rho independent termination.

Thus, the correct answer is option (b).

9.9 years

a = p(1 + rt) . . account balance after time t at rate r starting with principal p

3000 = 2500(1 + 0.0202t) . . filling in the given numbers

1.2 = 1 + 0.0202t . . divide by 2500

0.2 = 0.0202t . . . subtract 1

0.2/0.0202 = t ≈ 9.901

it will take about 9.9 years for the account balance to reach $3000.