Hemophilia is called "the royal disease" because many european royal families had members with the condition. hemophilia is a recessive, x‑linked disorder. queen victoria was unaffected by hemophilia, but was a carrier of the hemophilia gene (xhxh). supposed queen victoria's husband, prince albert, was affected with hemophilia (xhy). what is the percent probability that a son of queen victoria and prince albert would be unaffected by hemophilia?

25%

Explanation:

In a recessive X linked disorder, a woman is said be be affected if she has both the recessive alleles on X chromosome. If she has one recessive allele then she is a carrier of the disease but she is herself normal. If she has both the dominant alleles, she is considered as absolutely normal. A carrier appears normal but she has an allele which is mutated and her progeny may be affected by the disease if her husband is not normal. It happens because females have XX chromosomes as allosomes.

In contrast to this, a male is affected by the disease even if he has one mutated/recessive allele because a male has only one X chromosome and another chromosome is Y in the allosome pair (XY chromosome). There is no other X chromosome in males which can suppress the recessive allele on the X chromosome and Y does not have any allele for this trait at all.

The given question is explained in the attachment.

transcription is a process in which information is rewritten. it is something our cells must do, in a more specialized and narrowly defined way. in biology, transcription is the process of copying out the dna sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of rna. it needs to happen in the nucleus because that's where the dna is. dna is always inside the nucleus unless the cell is dividing.

transcription is the first step in gene expression, which involves copying a gene's dna sequence to make an rna molecule. transcription is performed by rna polymerases. it has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. rna molecules must be processed after transcription in eukaryotes.

explanation:

long version:

the protein synthesis consists two processes which are, transcription and translation. transcription takes place in the nucleus. it uses dna as a template to make an rna molecule. rna then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. transcription is the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology: dna → rna. it is the transfer of genetic instructions in dna to messenger rna (mrna). during transcription, a strand of mrna is made that is complementary to a strand of dna.  

these three stages are:

  initiation: in which   is the beginning of transcription.occuring when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

    elongation: in which is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

    termination: in which is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.

unicellular organisms, like bacteria, are able to perform all life functions within one single cell. multicellular organisms need many different types of cells to carry out the same life processes. each of these special types of cells has a different structure that it perform a specific function.