Retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, rely on reverse transcriptase to multiply inside a cell. however, hiv also requires host ribosomes to build new viral particles. based on your knowledge of the central dogma, order the flow of genetic information from left-to-right, from the first step (left) to the last step (right), for retroviruses.

DNA ⇄ RNA → PROTEINS.

Explanation:

Central dogma explains the flow of genetic information of the living organism. The DNA is converted to RNA by transcription and further into protein product by the process of translation. DNA can increase its number by replication process.

Retroviruses do not follow the central dogma and they have the ability to convert the RNA into the DNA molecule by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Their central dogma is as follows:

DNA ⇄ RNA → PROTEINS.

Thus, the answer is DNA ⇄ RNA → PROTEINS.

the  frequency of a wave represents  the number of wavelengths that pass a specific point per second. the unit for  frequency  is hertz (hz).

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an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.