It seems that bacteria and molds should grow well in jam. it's extremely high in sugar, a substance many cells can use for energy, and contains enough other nutrients to support cell growth. yet jam can be left unrefrigerated for a very long time without contamination by microorganisms. how can this be?

Bacteria and mold do not grow well in the jam because jam acts as a hypertonic environment for the bacterial cell which causes water loss from the bacterial cell.

Jam has a very high concentration of solute in the form of sugar so when any bacteria or mold attacks on jam then due to its higher concentration of solute outside the cell the bacterial cell loses water from inside to outside which causes shrinkage of cell and ultimately resist the bacteria to grow.

Therefore the high concentration of sugar in jam do not allow bacteria to grow so it can be left unrefrigerated for a long time without contamination by microorganisms.

image result for describe the various types of gene mutationsghr.nlm.nih.gov

the types of mutations include: missense mutation: this type of mutation is a change in one dna base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein made by a gene. nonsense mutation: a nonsense mutation is also a change in one dna base pair.

explanation:

when a reversible reaction is occurring in both directions at the same rate; the products and reactants do not change in concentration. a chemical reaction where the compound is broken into its constituent parts.