Kinases are enzymes that can phosphorylate (transfer phosphate groups onto) macromolecules such as proteins. a particular kinase, kinase 1 is known to promote cell division. it promotes cell division by phosphorylating protein x. phosphorylation of protein x activates protein x. once activated, protein x stimulates the production of other proteins such as protein y and z that directly promote cell division. in order to function, kinase 1 requires the presence of metal a. however, in the presence of protein a, kinase 1 is nonfunctional. from the description, what is considered the substrate of kinase 1?

The correct answer is "Protein X".

Explanation:

As stated in the question, Kinases are enzymes that can phosphorylate (transfer phosphate groups onto) macromolecules such as proteins. In this case, the phosphorylation of Protein X promotes cell division and Kinase 1 is known for promoting cell division as well. Therefore, it could be assumed that the substrate of Kinase 1 is Protein X and that Kinase 1 promotes cell division by phosphorylating it.

materials water oxygen those are the things i can think of in this moment.

answer: - few nutrients

high pressure

low temperatures

explanation: 1. few nutrients:   open-ocean zone is located way far from the land, which is the main source of the essential nutrients.2. high pressure: pressure increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters increase in depth.3. ample sunlight: a large fraction of the sunlight is reflected back to the atmosphere from the sea surface. 4. varying salinity: below the thermocline, the water is isolated from the atmosphere so the salinity remains stable over the year.5. low temperatures:   the temperature of open-ocean zone ranges from a low of -2°c to an average of 17°c