Scientists ana soto and carlos sonnenschein from tufts university spent a year purifying the secret ingredient lurking in their lab equipment plastic until they finally identified a compound called nonylphenol, a chemical used to make detergents and hard plastics. they determined this was the compound that triggered human breast tumor cell growth in their plastic tubes, just like the hormone estrogen. which of the following apply to the action of nonylphenol? choose one or more: a. nonylphenol interferes with the g1 checkpoint. b. nonylphenol gives permission to the cell to divide when it should not divide. c. nonylphenol interferes with the g0 checkpoint. d. nonylphenol, when applied to rat uterine cells, causes them to divide normally.

dna is made up of six smaller molecules -- a five carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate molecule and four different nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine).

layer 3 is younger than layer 6.

interphase

the period of cell growth when the cell synthesizes new molecules and organelles. the cell is not dividing and it constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle

prophase

changes occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm. the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still in tact

prometaphase

the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids

metaphase

all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle

anaphase

begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell

telophase

the daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell

cytokinesis

the division of a cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. usually occurs during telophase during mitosis. this and mitosis make up to mitotic (m) phase of the cell cycle