The p. multocida that are growing within sam’s abscess are breaking glucose down via glycolysis in order to obtain energy. this process occurs via a series of enzymatic reactions. during a chemical reaction, an enzyme functions as a biological catalyst and lowers the activation energy. how does an enzyme lower the activation energy of a reaction?

a. the enzyme increases the effectiveness of reactant collisions thereby increasing the number of reactant molecules that reach activation energy.
b. as the enzyme is utilized, heat is released causing an increase in the reaction rate and a subsequent lowering in the energy of activation.
c. the breakdown of the enzyme provides energy to the reactants allowing them to reach activation energy more quickly.
d. the enzyme increases the potential energy available to the reactants, thereby decreasing the activation energy that must be reached.

You will create a molecular clock model for an arthropod gene. follow these guidelines to make your model: . your timeline will span from 90 million years ago to the present. the common ancestor in your model is an arthropod that lived 90 million years ago. the gene that you'll track codes for a protein in the species venom . the dna sequence youll track contains 10 nitrogen bases. you can choose the order of the bases and where the mutations occur. this gene mutates at a rate of approximately 0.76 base pairs every 17.1 million years. to build your model,/ calculate the estimated time period it takes for 1 base pair to mutate. the first time period will only show the common ancestor. at the beginning of the second time period, three lineages will diverge from the common ancestor, each with a different mutation in their gene sequences. the first and third descendant species will survive for the rest of the timeline. the second descendant species was extinct 50 million years ago. calculate how long it will take for one full base pair mutation to occur. explain your reasoning by constructing a mathematical equation