Which of the following is not a method of hormone action? a) control of ion or molecule transport across cell membranes b) control of electrical signaling pathways c) control of enzymatic reaction rates d) control of gene expression and protein synthesis e) all of the above are methods of hormone action

e) all of the above are methods of hormone action

Explanation:

Hormones are the chemicals that are secreted by endocrine glands mostly. They serve to regulate physiological processes. Most of the lipid-soluble hormones such as steroid hormones enter the target cell to bind to their cytosolic or nuclear receptors and alter the expression of genes. These hormones stimulate the expression of some genes and inhibit that of others.

Binding of hormones to the cell surface receptors associated with ion channels regulates their opening and closing and thereby affects the membrane permeability. Likewise, the active hormone receptor complexes regulate the electrical signaling pathways of muscles and neurons.

humans, along with other animals and plants, have linear chromosomes that are arranged in pairs within the nucleus of the cell. the only human cells that do not contain pairs of chromosomes are reproductive cells, or gametes, which carry just one copy of each chromosome.