For the hydrolysis of atp to adp + pi, the free-energy change is 7.3 kcal/mol under standard conditions (1 m concentration of both reactants and products). in the cellular environment, however, the free-energy change is about 13 kcal/mol. what can we conclude about the free-energy change for the formation of atp from adp and i under cellular conditions?

The dna in a cell’s nucleus encodes proteins that are eventually targeted to every membrane and compartment in the cell, as well as proteins that are targeted for secretion from the cell. for example, consider these two proteins: phosphofructokinase (pfk) is an enzyme that functions in the cytoplasm during glycolysis. insulin, a protein that regulates blood sugar levels, is secreted from specialized pancreatic cells. assume that you can track the cellular locations of these two proteins from the time that translation is complete until the proteins reach their final destinations.for each protein, identify its targeting pathway: the sequence of cellular locations in which the protein is found from when translation is complete until it reaches its final (functional) destination. (note that if an organelle is listed in a pathway, the location implied is inside the organelle, not in the membrane that surrounds the organelle.)

In a cladogram' when does a group of organisms branch off

Glucose is broken down in different ways, both in the presence and in the absence of oxygen. using the table for reference, what major products are formed in each reaction set?