When explaining the probability of assignment to trial arms in consent forms, which is true?
a. fda requires the probability to be expressed as a percentage chance.
b. the use of a placebo arm does have to be specifically stated, but not the chance of assignment.
c. ich notes that it should be included, but does not specify how the information should be presented.
d. the probability of assignment should always be stated as being "like the flip of a coin" because subjects can understand that example

Coat color in cats is determined by genes at several different loci. at one locus on the x chromosome, one allele (x ) encodes black fur and another allele (xo) encodes orange fur. females can be black (x x ), orange (xoxo), or a mixture of orange and black called tortoiseshell (x xo). males are either black (x y) or orange (xoy). bill has a female tortoiseshell cat named patches. one night, patches escapes from bill\'s house, spends the night out, and mates with a stray male. patches later gives birth to the following kittens: one orange male, one black male, two tortoiseshell females, and one orange female. what are the genotypes of patches, the stray male, and the kittens?

Use the phylogenetic tree to the right to determine which statement below is true. organisms a and f are not related. organism e is more closely related to organism b than organism f. organisms c and d are more closely related than organisms a and b. phylogenetic trees

What are potential sources of error in marta’s experiment