Why is far less energy available to top predators than to first level consumers in a food web?

Approximately 90% of all cases of polycystic kidney disease are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. the disease is typically related to mutations to genes (pkd1 and pkd2). pkd genes can be found on chromosome 16. the disease occurs in approximately 1: 800 to 1: 1000 people. here is a hypothetical example. the dominant allele d will cause the development of pkd. the recessive allele is known as d. what genotypes would correspond to suffering from pkd? dd, dd what genotypes would correspond to being normal (not suffering from pkd)? dd consider that 1: 1,000 people have pkd in your population of 325million. consider that pkd is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. show you math for all of the following questions: what is the genotypic frequency for dd? what is the genotypic frequency for dd? what is the genotypic frequency for dd? what is p? what is q? how many people in your population would have pkd?

In which situations is the principle of cross-cutting relationship useful in determining relative age?

Ascientist separates a population of mice into two groups. what would most likely increase the rate of speciation in this population. a. teach the two groups different tricks b. allow the two groups to breed with each other c. put the two groups in different environment d. have the two groups live in identical ecosystems