18.substrate-level phosphorylation
(a) energy released from atp hydrolysis is used to phosphorylate the substrate
(b) energy released from the chemical reaction is used to directly phosphorylate adp
(c) energy released from atp hydrolysis is used to phosphorylate adp
(d) energy released from the chemical reaction is used to directly reduce nad+

(B) Energy released from the chemical reaction is used to directly phosphorylate ADP.

(D) Energy released from the chemical reaction is used to directly reduce NAD+

Explanation:

phosphorylation is a addition of phosphoryl group to an organic compound.Substrate level phosphorylation is a process where there is ATP is produced from ADP by transferring a high energy phosphate group from phosphorylated metabolic compound.This process occurs in glycolysis and citric acid cycle.and this pathway is exergonic pathway

prophase: we can observe the chromosomes to coil up and condense. they become visible. nuclear membrane and envelope disintigrate.s

metaphase: chromosomes align at the center, the metaphase plate. spindle fibers attach to centromeres of the sister chromatids. they meet at kinetochores.

anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled towards each opposing centromere, set on different poles.

telophase: chromosomes are now clustered up only on either sides of the cell. nuclear membranes reform, and a new cell wall forms along the cell plate. this will lead to cytokinesis, the process that divides the cell membrane and forms the cell wall.