This phylogenetic hypothesis shows the major clades of chordates in relation to the other main deuterostome clade, echinodermata. derived characters are listed for selected clades; for example, only gnathostomes have a jaw. in some lineages, derived traits have been lost over time or occur in reduced form; hagfishes and lampreys, for example, are vertebrates with reduced vertebrae.
based on this phylogeny, which vertebrate groups would you expect to have lungs or lung derivatives?

the transfer of energy between two molecules spaced just nanometers apart plays a key role in many technologies, including photovoltaics, quantum information systems, lighting, and sensors, as well as in biophysics to measure nanometer distances and in photosynthesis. but an open question in this area is what effect, if any, the surrounding photonic environment has on this nanoscale energy transfer. by designing and performing a carefully controlled experiment to answer this question, scientists have settled the debate and found clues to improving the efficiency of many of the technologies that rely on this process.

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it is either c or d and i know for sure it is not a or b

genetic variation will increase because of a new habitat and food source.

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