Frameshift mutations
a. are usually the result of damage caused by free radicals.
b. cause a change in the reading frame of mrna codons.
c. are usually caused by base analogs.
d. cause a single amino acid change in the polypeptide chain.
e. usually occur because of radiation exposure.

What is turgor pressure, what causes it, and what does it do for a plant?

Crinoids, also known as sea lilies, appear to be sea plants but are not plants at all. crinoids are an echinoderm species which uses anchoring structures called holdfasts to attach themselves to the sea floor. crinoids were most abundant in pennsylvania during the mississippian period, which ranged from 375 to 320 million years ago. fossils of the crinoids shows that during most of this time pennsylvania was that provided favorable conditions for crinoid growth. a) glacial terrain b) a dry and sandy plain c) mostly mountain ranges d) covered by warm, shallow seas

What happens to a food web when deforestation occurs due to urbanization? how does it effect the carbon cycle? how does this relate to photosynthesis?