Suppose there is a mutation in the c subunit of atp synthase, such that the glutamate found in the middle of one of the membrane spanning helices is converted to a valine. what is likely to be the effect on atp synthesis and why? what are uncouplers? provide an example of when this might be useful. why is there a major and a minor groove in dna? how is the processivity of dna polymerase iii accomplished?

Which is an advantage of having memory cells when a pathogen is encountered for a second time. a) the memory cells are what proliferate into clones of cells in response to the binding of an antigen. b) memory cells are vital to the primary immune response in that they immediately recognize pathogens even at the first encounter. c) memory cells are essentially effector cells that are short lived and attack antigens even without having a receptor specific to that antigen. d) it ensures that more lymphocytes with a receptor specific to a particular antigen will be present than in a host that had never encountered that pathogen.

Identify any four organelles that should be present in the eukaryotic organism and describe the function of each organelle

Nucleic acids offer variability because they contain alternate forms of genes called .