A45 year-old male who is in good health presents with complaints of pain in his left heel. he states that the first few steps out of bed in the morning are extremely painful. he has no history of trauma. what is the likely etiology of his pain?

a. achilles tendinitis
b. plantar fasciitis
c. calcaneal spur
d. arthritis of the foot

B. Plantar fasciitis

Explanation:

Plantar fasciitis occurs when the plantar fascia that joins your heel to your toes becomes swollen and painful as a result of constant straining. The plantar fascia, which has a web—like appearance, is very functional in providing support during movement  and also acts as shock absorber. Continuous straining of this thick ligament when involved in activities that puts much strain on it for long often results in the inflammation of the plantar fascia. Excessive running or walking, standing for long periods, wearing of inadequate shoes, and constant injury that strains the ligament are major causes.

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.