In the first reaction of glycolysis, glucose is converted to glucose 6‑phosphate . a. the phosphate comes from atp . b. a kinase is an enzyme that transfers the terminal phosphate of to a substrate. c. the product of this reaction is then phosphorylated to fructose‑6‑phosphate. d. fructose‑6‑phosphate is then phosphorylated by a second reaction, giving .

Glycolysis involves a series of phosphorylation, dephosphorylation and oxidation reactions.

Explanation:

Glycolysis, as the name implies is the splitting of glucose. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. When a glucose molecule is split by glycolysis, the following are produced:

2 ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) molecules;

2 NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrogen);

2 pyruvate molecules and ;

2 water molecules.

The glycolytic pathway is a ten-step reaction, the first five reactions are the preparatory reaction (2 ATP molecules are used up in these reactions) while the remaining five are the pay-off reaction (4 ATP molecules are generated).

Reaction 1: Glucose is phosphorylated (addition of phosphate group) by the enzyme hexokinase to produce glucose 6-phosphate.

Reaction 2: Glucose 6-phosphate undergoes an isomerization reaction by the action of the enzyme phosphoglucomutase to produce fructose 6-phosphate.

Reaction 3: Fructose 6-phosphate is acted upon by a kinase enzyme phosphofructokinase which adds phosphate group from an ATP molecule to produce fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

Reaction 4: The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into isomers (an aldehyde and a ketone), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate respectively.

Reaction 5: The enzyme triose phosphate converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This implies that there are two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which will serve as the substrate for the pay-off reactions.

Reaction 6: The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase oxidizes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and adds a phosphate group to the oxidized glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to produce 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

Reaction 7:  The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase undergoes a dephosphorylation reaction to convert the 2 molecules of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate

Reaction 8: The 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate undergoes isomerization reaction by the action of the enzyme phosphoglyceromutase to produce  2 molecules of 2-phosphoglycerate.

Reaction 9: Each of the 2-phosphoglycerate molecules undergo hydrolysis (removal of a water molecule) to produce 2 molecules of phosphoenolpyruvate.

Reaction 10: The enzyme pyruvate kinase removes a phosphate group from each of the phosphoenolpyruvate molecules and adds it to ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) molecules to produce 2 ATP molecules and 2 pyruvate molecules.

answer:

the water molecules are transferred from the roots to the stem or top parts of the tall tree because of important properties of water which are adhesion, cohesion and capillary action. cohesion is the property of water molecules keeps water molecules in a combined state by sharing of bonds between them at the atomic level. adhesion allows the interaction of water molecules with other substances or substrate. adhesion will cause the attachment of water molecules to the wall of the vessel (xylem) of the plant. capillary action occurs when the adhesive force to the vessel wall is stronger than the cohesive force between water molecules. capillary action mimics the transfer of water from a tube or pipe. in this way water utilizes its property to transfer water from down to top level of the plant.