All cells contain ion pumps that use the energy of atp hydrolysis to pump ions across the plasma membrane. these pumps create an electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane that is used to power other processes at the plasma membrane, including some transport processes. in animal cells, the main ion pump is the sodium-potassium pump.
-outside cell b. ([na+]low, [k+]high) or ([na+]high,[k+]low)
c. (excess + charge) or (excess - charge)
-(between) a. (3[na+]v,2[k+]^)，（2[na+]^,3[k+]v), (3[na+]^,2[k+]v)
-inside cell d. ([na+]low,[k+]high) or ([na+]high,[k+]low)
e. (excess + charge) or (excess - charge)

What processes would you expect to be key in the production of yogurt ?

Astudent from one of the research labs is having trouble preparing a slide for examination and photographing. the bacterial slide that he has brought to you was prepared using a commercially purchased stain. he has asked for your in determining what he is doing wrong so that he can change the lab protocols and continue on with his project. after examining the slide under oil immersion, you determine that no bacteria are present even though the student is able to show you the culture he used to make that slide that has visible growth in the liquid medium. which of the following statements does not explain the fact that there are no bacteria present on the student’s slide? by not allowing a glass slide to completely air dry before heat fixation, the flame will cause the surrounding water to boil and this will damage the bacterial cell. overheating during the fixation step boiled the water within the bacterial cells and resulted in the cells bursting. insufficient heating of the slide did not drive out the thin layer of water and this resulted in minimal bonding between the bacteria and the glass slide. rinsing with alcohol during the washing step stripped the bacteria off the glass slide. rinsing with alcohol during the washing step stripped the bacteria off the glass slide.

Adistinctive characteristic of mammals that is not observed in other vertebrates is