One model of the glomerular membrane is a microporous membrane in which right cylindrical pores penetrate all the way through the membrane. assume that the pores have a length of 50 nm and a radius of 3.5 nm.
the viscosity of plasma is 0.002 pa*s. the average hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus is 60 mm hg, hydrostatic pressure in bowman’s space is 20 mm hg and the average oncotic pressure of glomerular capillary blood is 28 mm hg. a. calculate the flow through a single pore assuming laminar flow (use the poiseuille flow equation).b. how many pores would there have to be to produce a normal gfr (120 ml/min)? c. if the total aggregate area of the kidneys for filtration is 1.5 m2, what is the density of the pores (number of pores per unit area)? d. what fraction of the area is present as pores?

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4.) metal

"-the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back to the environment

-carbon is the essential component of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates (which make up all organisms)

-carbon exists in air, water, and living organisms

-producers convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere into carbohydrates during photosynthesis

-bacteria in the atmosphere cycles through the system in filtration units

-in cellular respiration, carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide

-some carbon is stored in limestone (forming one of the largest "carbon sinks" on earth)

-largest carbon reservoir on earth= limestone

-carbon stored in the bodies of organisms as fat, oils, or other molecules may be released into the soil or air when the organism dies

-this may form deposits of coal, oil, or natural gas (fossil fuels, which increased the atmospheric carbon dioxide)

-fossil fuels store carbon left over from bodies of organisms that died millions of years ago

-they are located in the surface of earth, deep within the earth and beneath the ocean floor."    

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