What can be inferred from the phylogenetic tree shown? a) flagellates and animals are more closely related than fungi and animals. b) ciliates and diplomads are more closely related than plants and ciliates. c) thermoproteus and pyrodicticum are more related to each other than methanosarcina is to thermoproteus. d) gram positives and microsporidia are more related to each other than cyanobacteria is to gram positives.

Thermoproteus and Pyrodicticum are more related to each other than Methanosarcina is to Thermoproteus.

Explanation:

Those two branch off closer to one another than Methanosarcina and Thermoproteus. This indicates a closer common ancestor.

parasites can detrimentally affect their host, but also must not allow their host to die before they can complete their life cycle. some parasites have complex life cycles with many different hosts, and have had to find ways of persisting in many different environments during the change from one host to another. ectoparasites live outside the body of the host, and can more easily  disperse, but are  more exposed to predators, parasites, parasitoids. endoparasites live inside the body of the host, and are therefore protected from the outside environment. but they can be  attacked by the host's immune system. they have therefore developed  mechanisms for dispersal such as  complex life cycles.

when the displaced particles are perpendicular to the direction the wave travels, is called a transverse wave, whereas in longitudinal wave the displace practices are parallel to the direction of the wave.

in the given image:

first image shows - longitudinal wave

second image shows - transverse wave

third image shows - longitudinal wave

fourth image shows - longitudinal wave