Some membrane channels perform active transport of ca2+ ions into the cell across the membrane with positive potential (0.35v). for each mole of cations, such a channel utilizes hydrolysis of 1 atp molecule. show that this calcium channel will be able to transport ions against 10x concentration gradient.

It is believed that europa, one of jupiter’s moons has an ocean beneath its surface. based on how earth’s oceans and atmosphere are believed to have formed, what can be said about europa’s supposed ocean? the arrival of in the early days of europa’s existence could have formed its ocean. it is likely that the water experienced , similar to earth. it is also possible that this water is retained beneath europa’s surface and in its atmosphere due to europa’s .

Which macromolecule catalyzes chemical reactions this be considered enzyme chemical reactions thus he considering enzymes

True or false: the ribosome reads the sequence of codons in mrna.